Surgical treatment of a colon neoplasm of the splenic flexure: a multicentric study of short-term outcomes.

AIM: The optimal surgical treatment of splenic flexure neoplasm is still not well defined. Extended right hemicolectomy (ERH) and left colic resection (LCR) have been proposed but conclusive evidence concerning postoperative morbidity and oncological results is lacking. The aim of this study was to analyse the short-term outcomes after surgery for splenic flexure cancer with regard to surgical procedure and surgeon's specialty. METHODS: This was a multicentre study on patients who underwent surgery for primary colon cancer of the splenic flexure. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2015, 324 patients fulfilled the criteria for inclusion into the study; 270 (83.4%) had elective surgery while 54 (16.6%) had emergency resection: 158 (48.8%) underwent ERH and 166 (51.2%) LCR; 176 (54.3%) procedures were performed by colorectal surgeons, 148 (46.7%) by general surgeons. In the ERH group a significantly higher rate of emergency operations was carried out (P = 0.005). After elective surgery, no significant differences between ERH and LCR concerning 30-day mortality (3.3% vs 2.0%) and the need for reoperation (10.6% vs 7.4%) were found. Nodal harvesting was significantly higher in the ERH and colorectal surgeon groups in any clinical scenario. At multivariate analysis, age and smoking habit were predictive of the need for reoperation and major morbidity while the general surgeon group showed a higher risk of anastomotic failure (OR = 1.92; P = 0.168). CONCLUSION: We analysed the largest series in literature of curative resections for splenic flexure tumours. The optimal procedure still remains debatable as ERH and LCR appear to achieve comparable short-term outcomes. Surgeon's specialty seems to positively affect patient's outcomes.

The single pile classification: a new tool for the classification of haemorrhoidal disease and the comparison of treatment results.

The purpose of the paper is to compare Goligher Classification with the Single Pile Hemorrhoid Classification (SPHC) to show the possible bias and limits of Goligher's use and the possible advantage with the employment of the new classification. SPHC considers the number of pathological piles(N), the characteristics of each internal pile and the characteristics of each external pile, reporting the presence of a fibrous inelastic redundant pile(F), the presence of the subversion of dentate line or the congestion of the external pile(E) and the presence of not tolerated skin tags(S). From September 2010 to December 2012, 197 consecutive patients were analysed according to both classifications. Considering pathological piles, I and II Goligher patients showed a complete agreement between pathological pile and grade, III Goligher patients had 80.5 % of pathological piles of III grade while IV Goligher patients had only 44.3 % of IV grade pathological piles (p < 0.001). Regarding the distribution of the other anatomical variables: F, E, S described in SPHC, the results showed that F was present in 18.3 % while ES was present in 46.2 %. Goligher's Classification has showed to be an inadequate tool to overview surgical outcome or to compare surgical procedure, particularly for high grades, while SPHC showed to be a feasible instrument both to describe and to compare patients affected by hemorrhoid disease.

Outcome and prognostic factors of local recurrent rectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 150 patients.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is the only curative treatment in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome and the prognostic factors of tumour-free resection margin (R0) and overall survival (OS) in LRRC. METHODS: Consecutive LRRC patients observed between 1987 and 2005 in three Italian university hospitals were evaluated. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. In order to identify factors associated with both R0 resection and OS, a logistic regression analysis was performed in patients who underwent surgery with curative intent. RESULTS: Out of 150 patients with LRRC, 107 underwent surgery, but since 7 were found to have unresectable disease only 100 underwent surgical resection. Of them, 51 underwent radical and 49 extended resection. Sixty of the 107 patients underwent multimodality treatment. In 61 patients, R0 resection was achieved. Median OS after surgery was 43.4 months. In patients, who had surgery with curative intent, independent variables associated with R0 resection were: surgery for the primary tumour performed in other hospitals (p = 0.042) extended resection (p = 0.025) and use of positron emission tomography (PET) as a staging modality (p = 0.03). Independent variables associated with OS were: post-operative radiotherapy (p = 0.004), stage of the primary tumour (p = 0.004), R0 resection (p = 0.00001), and use of PET (0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Resection for LRRC results in improved survival. Other than the well-known prognostic factors R0 resection and OS, PET scan has an independent impact both on OS and R0 resection. It should therefore be included in routine clinical practice when staging LRRC.

The treatment of squamous anal carcinoma: guidelines of the Italian Society of Colo-Rectal Surgery.

The Italian society of colo-rectal surgery (SICCR) is dedicated to improving the study, prevention and management of the diseases of the colon, rectum and anus. One of the aims of the society is to establish guidelines to the treatment of these diseases. These guidelines are based on the international literature and on the best available evidence. Clinical practice guidelines are one of the most important instruments to provide therapeutic decision-making support, based on the best scientific evidence available at the time. Guidelines are advisory and not prescriptive, susceptible to continual variations secondary to innovations and new scientific evidence. These guidelines are a guide for all colo-rectal surgeons and physicians who approach anal cancer.

Free graft foreskin anoplasty.

AIM: Reconstruction of a stenotic anal canal and repair of a stenotic perineal colostomy using a free graft foreskin. METHOD: The use of free graft foreskin anoplasty was described by Freeman for the treatment of mucosal prolapse in pediatric patients. The original surgical technique was modified and employed in two adult patients for the reconstruction of the anal region. RESULTS: The graft, in both cases, took well with a satisfactory functional and morphological recovery of the anal canal. CONCLUSION: Free graft foreskin anoplasty, has proved to be an effective solution to stenosis in the anal canal following major local surgery.

Apoptotic proteins as prognostic markers and indicators of radiochemosensitivity in stage II/III rectal cancers.

AIM: The expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and anti-apoptotic (mutated p53, Bcl-2, Bclxl) proteins was determined retrospectively using immunohistochemistry in pre-treatment biopsy samples from patients with rectal cancer treated with or without preoperative chemoradiation to investigate their role as prognostic markers and indicators of radiochemosensitivity. METHOD: Biopsy samples from 67 patients operated for stage II/III rectal cancer and enrolled in an active follow-up programme were examined 8-10 years after surgery. Thirty-three had been treated with immediate surgery followed, in selected cases, by adjuvant postoperative chemoradiation. Thirty-four had preoperative chemoradiation. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out using an automated immunostainer on sections of paraffin-embedded tissue. RESULTS: Independent prognostic factors for rectal cancer death were pN status (hazard ratio 3.82; 95% CI 1.67-8.73) and a high level of Bclxl positivity (hazard ratio 4.75; 95% CI 2.10-10.72) according to multivariate regression analysis by stepwise selection. Bax expression was associated with downstaging and higher survival in irradiated patients (P = 0.0004). CONCLUSION: Pretreatment evaluation of apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bclxl factors in biopsy samples of stage II/III rectal cancers may be helpful in selecting tumours that will respond to chemoradiation or in identifying patients who will have limited benefit from chemoradiation and should therefore be selected for a more aggressive systemic regimen.

Quality of life among five-year survivors after treatment for very low rectal cancer with or without a permanent abdominal stoma.

BACKGROUND: Low rectal cancers situated less than 5 cm from the anal margin are still usually treated with abdomino-perineal excision (APE). Our aim is to compare the quality of life (QOL) of five-year survivors treated for low or very low rectal cancer with an advanced/complex coloanal procedure with the QOL of patients submitted to a standard APE with a definitive abdominal stoma. METHODS: Sixty-two patients, operated on radically for low or very low rectal cancer, who came for their fifth year follow-up visit and were free from cancer, were studied. Thirty patients (group 1) had an APE with permanent abdominal stoma. Thirty-two patients (group 2) had undergone a radical advanced and complex procedure to avoid the abdominal stoma. The patients received the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QOL-30 generic and the CR38 colorectal cancer QOL questionnaires with the recommendation to return the questionnaire to the hospital. The Mann-Whitney U-test and chi (2) Fisher test were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: All questionnaires were returned. Patients without a terminal abdominal stoma had a better score in six categories of the QOL 30 and in two categories of the CR38. No differences were observed in the other variables examined. CONCLUSIONS: After five years, cancer-free patients operated on for low or very low rectal cancer have a better QOL if a definitive terminal abdominal stoma was avoided.

Local excision of rectal polyp: indications and techniques.

The local excision of a rectal polyp is often wrongly considered to be a minor surgical procedure. In reality, the malignant potential of adenomas and the not-infrequent presence of cancer in larger polyps, require, for their removal, an oncologically correct operation with strict indication and accurate execution. Despite an increasing inclination to extend the indications of endoscopic polypectomies to polyps of larger size and villous configuration, the local surgical approach remains the preferred treatment in most cases. Here the indications and the results of different surgical techniques proposed for the local excision of a rectal polyp are reported. Among these procedures, transanal endoscopic microsurgery is gaining a primary role in many circumstances.

Electromyography of the pelvic floor musculature in the assessment of obstructed defecation symptoms.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to use electromyography to examine the behavior of the external sphincter, puborectalis muscle, and pubococcygeus muscle during attempted defecation in patients with symptoms of obstructed defecation and in normal subjects to highlight differences of clinical significance. METHODS: A total of 35 patients (31 females) aged 20 to 80 (mean, 53.7 +/- 13.3) years with unprepared bowel who had normal colon transit time and obstructed defecation symptoms and 12 voluntary control subjects (7 females) aged 23 to 68 (mean, 48 +/- 11.5) years underwent an electromyography evaluation of the activity of the external sphincter, puborectalis muscle, and pubococcygeus muscle during attempted defecation. The patients were also examined in separate sessions with defecography and anal manometry. RESULTS: During attempted defecation, puborectalis muscle and external sphincter always reacted in the same manner. When evaluated with pubococcygeus muscle, three main patterns of activity were observed either in patients or in controls: 1) coordinated activation pattern; 2) coordinated inhibition pattern; and 3) uncoordinated or equivocal pattern: activation of pubococcygeus muscle with inhibition of puborectalis muscle/external sphincter, activation followed by inhibition of the three muscles, and activation followed by inhibition of pubococcygeus muscle and no change in the others. We never observed activation of puborectalis muscle/external sphincter concomitant with inhibition of pubococcygeus muscle. The inhibitory coordinated pattern occurred significantly (P = 0.01) more frequently in controls than in patients. These subjects also presented a significantly (P = 0.01) lower frequency of pubococcygeus muscle inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: Either activation or inhibition appears as a physiological behavior, possibly adopted in different circumstances, of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted defecation. The higher prevalence of coordinated inhibitory patterns in normal subjects and the lower frequency of pubococcygeus muscle inhibition in patients with symptoms of obstructed defecation, however, suggests that a loss of inhibition capacity progressing from pubococcygeus muscle to puborectalis muscle/external sphincter muscles could determine the insurgence of obstructed defecation symptoms in some subjects, who should therefore benefit from biofeedback retraining aimed at reacquisition of the inhibition capacity of all muscles of the pelvic floor during defecation.

Anatomic plane of separation between external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle: clinical implications.

PURPOSE: The possible existence of an anatomic and functional separation between the external sphincter and the puborectalis muscle has been reported in the medical literature. In this article we confirm, by means of anatomic and clinical observations, the presence of such a separation, focusing on its importance in understanding the pathway of diffusion for some suppurative anal lesions and to plan advanced sphincter-sparing procedures. METHODS: Twenty adult anatomic specimens of the anal region (12 from women) were cut in the sagittal, coronal, and paracoronal planes, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined. The pelvic floor musculature was examined in three patients undergoing postanal repair operations. Thirty primary posterior and posterolateral anal fistulas, preoperatively classified as transsphincteric (22) or suprasphincteric (8) were carefully traced during and after staged fistulotomy in 30 (11 female) patients, and their relationship with puborectalis muscle and external sphincter was evaluated. An attempt was made peranally to separate the external sphincter from the puborectalis muscle in four patients (3 females) aged 56 to 65 years with rectal cancers 4 to 5 cm from the anal verge so as to perform a sphincter-sparing procedure. RESULTS: A connective plane of separation between puborectalis muscle and external sphincter was clearly identified in 14 (70 percent) anatomic specimens. In three (21 percent) cases the two muscles presented a pronounced overlapping arrangement. An anatomicofunctional separation between puborectalis muscle and external sphincter was easily demonstrated during post-anal repair operations. All fistulous tracks ran between the external sphincter and puborectalis muscle, despite the pronounced upward direction of the ones preoperatively classified as suprasphincteric. A plane of separation between puborectalis muscle and external sphincter was identified and developed in four patients with very low rectal cancers. An abdominoperanal rectolevatorial excision was performed. A coloanal anastomosis was performed on the residual lower anal canal. CONCLUSION: An anatomic plane of separation is present between the puborectalis muscle and the external sphincter. The presence of this plane is important to help understand the diffusion of some suppurative anal lesions and to plan advanced sphincter-sparing procedures.

Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer: 148 cases treated at Florence University with 8 years median follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To analyse the outcome, the treatment related side effects, the prognostic significance of clinical parameters in a group of patients with rectal cancer receiving postoperative radiotherapy after radical resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1980 to 1990 148 consecutive patients with rectal carcinoma stage B2-B3 or C1-C2-C3 were treated with postoperative radiotherapy after radical surgery. All patients received 50 Gy in 25 sessions in 5 weeks. In 42 a "flash' dose of 5 Gy was also given within 24 h before surgery. Median follow up was 8.1 years. RESULTS: At 5 years the overall survival was 54%, the determined (cancer specific) survival 61%, the local recurrence-free survival 88%. The influence of stage, histotype, distance from anal margin, type of surgery, number of involved nodes and flash dose were analysed. Overall and determined survival and distant metastasis rate were significantly influenced (P < 0.005) by the pathological stage. Patients with more than 3 involved nodes presented a significantly lower determined survival (P < 0.001) and a higher distant relapse rate (P < 0.005) than those with 3 or less involved nodes. A higher determined survival (P < 0.01) was also found in patients receiving the preoperative "flash'; this group was however unbalanced in respect to the relative number of cases with 3 or less involved nodes. The incidence of major side effects requiring surgery or hospitalization for medical treatment was 35% before 1985 and 12% thereafter. The systematic use of small bowel visualization during simulation and the discontinuation of the flash dose were the main modifications introduced in the second period. As a consequence of the small bowel visualization the size of lateral fields was slightly reduced and some patients were excluded from the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Value of postoperative radiotherapy to decrease the incidence of local recurrence was confirmed in this retrospective study; the incidence of side effects was however considerable and did not support the addition of chemotherapy as advised by the NIH consensus meeting. Our policy was therefore moved to preoperative irradiation whose combination with chemotherapy was recently reported to be better tolerated and highly effective.

[Magnetic resonance with endorectal coil in the locoregional staging of rectal carcinoma]. / La risonanza magnetica con bobina endorettale nella stadiazione loco-regionale del carcinoma del retto.

The accurate locoregional staging of rectal cancer is important in choosing and planning therapy. The diagnostic contribution of endorectal ultrasonography and of Computed Tomography is well known because both methods have been widely used in the last ten years. More recently, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been introduced in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer: most interestingly, in the last three years endorectal surface coils have become available as a clinical device. February through November, 1994, twenty patients affected with rectal carcinoma were examined with endorectal MRI. In order to assess their accuracy, MR staging results were compared with pathologic findings. MRI was performed with an 0.5 T system equipped with an endorectal surface coil. In all cases T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequences were performed on axial and sagittal or coronal planes. Rectal wall layers were reliably demonstrated in all patients. The comparison with pathologic findings showed 78.9% MR accuracy in assessing tumor infiltration depth. In addition, the study of perirectal lymph nodes showed 83.2% MR sensitivity and 53.8% MR specificity. The high resolution images obtained using endorectal surface coils and the well-known panoramic capabilities of this method reveal MR potentials in rectal carcinoma staging.

Bleeding from peristomal varices: perspectives on prevention and treatment.

Peristomal variceal bleeding is a serious complication in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing colon surgery with a stoma. Our aim was to examine the morbidity of bleeding for peristomal, perianastomotic, and esophageal varices in a group of patients with chronic liver disease who underwent colectomy at the Mayo Clinic between 1970 and 1988. Morbidity was evaluated in terms of the number of major bleeding episodes and the number of units of blood transfused. The treatment of bleeding was also evaluated. One hundred seventeen patients (74 males and 43 females) aged 11-78 years were studied. Sixty-two patients (53 percent) had a permanent stoma, while 55 patients (47 percent) had a colonic resection and anastomosis. Sixty-seven patients (62 percent) had chronic ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In the stoma group, bleeding appeared from stomal and/or esophageal varices in 19 patients (31 percent), while, in the non-stoma group, bleeding exclusively from the esophageal varices occurred in eight patients (15 percent). Perianastomotic variceal bleeding was never observed. The 5-year cumulative probabilities of one major bleed occurring from gastrointestinal varices appeared to be similar between the two groups. Patients who bled from peristomal varices with or without esophageal bleeding (n = 17) rebled more frequently (6.5 +/- 5.5 vs. 3 +/- 1.6; P less than 0.05) and were transfused more often (14.9 +/- 12.3 vs. 7.5 +/- 4.1; P less than 0.05) than patients who bled exclusively from esophageal varices (n = 10). No difference was found in the incidence of recurrent bleeding and the number of units of blood transfused between patients who bled exclusively from peristomal varices (n = 10) and those who bled from both peristomal and esophageal varices (n = 7). Medical and local measures were more effective in controlling esophageal bleeding than in controlling peristomal bleeding. Therefore, patients with chronic liver disease who must undergo colectomy should have a distal anastomosis rather than a terminal stoma.

Ruthenium red selectively antagonizes capsaicin-induced release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from the human colon.

Ruthenium red (RR) is an inorganic dye that has shown to block the actions of capsaicin on primary sensory neurons in different animal models. The aim of this study was to assess whether RR is able to antagonize the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) evoked by capsaicin in the human colon. Samples of descending colon were collected from patients undergoing colectomy for carcinoma of the colon. Tissue slices from the muscle of human colon were exposed to either 10 microM capsaicin or an isotonic high K+ medium (KCl 80 mM), in the absence or presence of 10 microM RR. Either capsaicin or high K+ produced a prompt release of VIP. RR (10 microM) completely antagonized the capsaicin-induced release of VIP from muscle of human colon. This effect was elective, since VIP release evoked by high K+ was unaffected by the presence of RR. These findings indicate that RR acts as a selective antagonist of capsaicin in human tissue and that the mechanism underlying peptide release by capsaicin is preserved across species. Multiple mechanisms leading to VIP release exist in the human colon.

One stage treatment of anal abscesses and fistulas. A clinical appraisal on the basis of two different classifications.

In a five year period 227 patients with anal abscesses and/or fistulas of suspected cryptoglandular origin were observed and treated by one surgeon. In 201 patients the primary opening or the crypt of origin of the abscesses and/or fistulas were identified. These lesions were evaluated according to two classifications [1,2]. The aim was to verify whether primary abscesses and/or fistulas may spontaneously loop all the external sphincters and the puborectalis muscle as reported by Parks et al. [1] or whether the formation of tracks which loop all the striated sphincteric complex (Parks' supra- and extra-sphincteric fistulas) derives exclusively by the incorrect treatment of more superficial lesions, as suggested by Eisenhammer. Not one of the primary suppurative lesions (acute or chronic) looped the striated sphincteric complex (external sphincter-puborectalis muscle). Supra- and extrasphincteric tracks were observed only in the lesions which recurred after previous surgical treatment. The one-stage treatment of primary abscesses and fistulas (fistulotomy drainage or one-stage lay-open) with a few exceptions is a definitive (2% recurrence rate) and safe (4% prolonged impairment of continence rate) procedure.

A simple device for prolapsing loop colostomies.

A simple device, applied to a conventional stomal appliance, prevents loop colostomy prolapse.

The double contrast barium enema in the identification of proximal colonic adenomas and carcinomas beyond the limits of fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy.

Eight hundred and twenty patients were examined by fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy (SIG) and double contrast barium enema (DCBE) to detect colonic cancers or adenomas. Cancer or adenoma in the bowel tract proximal to the upper limit of SIG insertion was detected in 4 patients and in 12 on DCBE. The DCBE detection rate of proximal colonic lesions varied according to the hemoccult (HO) outcome. This was 1.16% for cancer and 2.03% for adenoma in HO+ patients and null for cancer and 1.23% for adenoma in HO- patients. The detection rate of proximal adenomas was higher in patients who presented adenomas on endoscopy in the distal bowel (SIG+), 2.46% as compared to 0.48% in SIG- patients, independent of the HO reports. Routine DCBE is practically useless in HO-SIG- patients and questionable in HO-SIG+ patients since improvement of the detection rate is null for cancer and moderate for adenoma. It is recommended for HO+ patients because it increases the colonic cancer detection rate (10.5% in this study).

Follow-up of colorectal cancer resected for cure. An experience with CEA, TPA, Ca 19-9 analysis and second-look surgery.

Sixty-four consecutive patients who had undergone curative resection for colorectal carcinoma were studied prospectively to evaluate the roles of sequential CEA determinations and independent instrumental follow-up in the early detection of resectable recurrences. Fifty-two of these patients also were submitted to sequential determinations of other tumor antigens: TPA (tissue polypeptide antigen) and Ca 19-9 (colon cancer antigen detected with a monoclonal antibody), for a retrospective evaluation of their utility as markers of recurrent tumors. Twenty-two recurrences were detected in a period ranging from 12 to 72 months (median, 47 months). CEA was the best predictor of recurrence (sensitivity, 90 percent) when compared with the other two markers (TPA sensitivity, 60 percent; Ca 19-9 sensitivity, 20 percent). When compared with the instrumental or biochemical examinations of the follow-up, CEA was still the most sensitive indicator of relapse although the specificity was quite low (78 percent) if minimal significative increases were considered. History and physical examination were more useful than CEA in detecting local recurrences in rectal cancer where the preoperative CEA level was low. A few second-look explorations based solely on small CEA increases failed to demonstrate recurrence or revealed peritoneal carcinomatosis. Selected second-look surgery based on demonstrated recurrences resulted in a resectability rate of 57 percent. A follow-up program based on frequent CEA assays, history, and physical examinations, including rectal, vaginal, and perineal exploration, is proposed. Extensive instrumental investigations should follow when a minimal significative CEA rise is observed, or when history and physical examinations suggest a possible recurrence. Second-look surgery should be evaluated after confirmed or highly suspected diagnosis of recurrence, on the basis of instrumental or clinical examinations.

An appraisal of endoscopic removal of malignant colonic polyps.

The issue of whether patients who have invasive carcinoma in an otherwise benign polyp should undergo surgical resection of that bowel segment is controversial. We examined the records of 83 patients with such polyps that were removed endoscopically between 1978 and 1981. After exclusion of 18 patients from the study for various reasons, our study group consisted of 65 patients who had undergone complete endoscopic removal of 69 polyps that contained a malignant process. Carcinoma in situ was found in 34 polyps, and 3 patients with such polyps had a recurrent malignant lesion of the same degree. These recurrent tumors were treated successfully by aggressive endoscopic removal. Seventeen polyps that contained invasive carcinoma were treated endoscopically without resection, and two patients in this group subsequently had recurrent carcinoma at the site of the original polyp. These recurrent lesions were resected, and neither patient had evidence of nodal metastasis. Of the 18 patients who underwent immediate resection of invasive carcinoma, 2 had residual carcinoma at the time of the resection, although no lymph node metastasis was found. We conclude that colonic polyps with carcinoma in situ can be treated safely with complete endoscopic removal. Invasive carcinoma in a polyp can be treated safely with complete polypectomy, and immediate resection may not be necessary. This group of patients, however, should undergo thorough follow-up studies and periodic endoscopic reexamination.